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rests upon

  • 1 his fame rests upon his novels

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > his fame rests upon his novels

  • 2 the validity of all such data rests upon three factors

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the validity of all such data rests upon three factors

  • 3 his fame rests upon his plays

    viņam slavu sagādāja viņa lugas

    English-Latvian dictionary > his fame rests upon his plays

  • 4 rest

    1. I
    1) I'm going to lie down and rest я прилягу отдохнуть; let your eyes rest дайте отдохнуть глазам; never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя противнику /врагу/; rest! вольно! (команда)
    2) let the matter rest оставить дело так, как есть; if 1 could let the matter rest, I would do it если бы я мог, я оставил бы все так, как есть; and there the matter rests тем дело и кончилось; let land rest agric. оставлять землю под паром; the defence rests law защите нечего добавить, защита отказывается от вопросов
    2. II
    1) rest in some manner rest quietly (well, completely, a little, serenely, securely, etc.) отдыхать /лежать, спать/ тихо /спокойно/ и т.д.; did you rest well? хорошо ли вы отдохнули /поспали/?; rest at some place let's rest here, shall we? давайте отдохнем здесь, a?; rest at some time rest at night отдыхать /спать/ ночью; where do we rest tonight? где мы сегодня остановимся на ночь?; rest for some time rest a few minutes отдохнуть несколько минут
    2) rest at some place the matter cannot rest here, we must investigate it further дело не может так оставаться, нам надо исследовать /продолжить исследования/ дальше
    3. III
    1) rest smb., smth. rest men and horses (one's men, one's horse. one's eyes, one's weary bones, one's legs, the mind, etc.) дать отдых людям и лошадям и т.д.; I stayed there a day to rest myself я пробыл там день, чтобы передохнуть /отдохнуть/; try to rest your eyes постарайтесь дать глазам отдых /отдохнуть/; these dark glasses rest my eyes в этих темных очках у меня глаза отдыхают /не устают/
    2) rest smth. [may] God rest his soul! eccl. царствие ему небесное!
    4. IV
    1) rest smb. for some time rest your men an hour or two дайте людям отдохнуть часок-другой
    2) rest smth. somewhere rest the matter there пусть дело остается так, как есть, не занимайтесь больше этим делом
    5. X
    rest assured быть уверенным; you may rest assured that everything possible will be done (that I will do my best, that everything has been tried, that I will take care of it, etc.) можете быть уверены в том, что будет сделано все возможное и т.д.
    6. XI 7. XV
    rest in some state rest easy (content with this state of things, etc.) быть /оставаться/ спокойным и т.д.
    8. XVI
    1) rest for some time rest for an hour (for some minutes, etc.) отдыхать час и т.д.; he rested for a day before going on with his journey он отдохнул денек, прежде чем продолжить свое путешествие rest after (before, in, during, etc.) smth. he likes to rest after (before) dinner после (до) обеда он любит отдохнуть; teachers rest in the summer учителя отдыхают /получают отпуск/ летом; she planned to rest during her vacation во время отпуска она решила ничем не заниматься; rest in (on, under, etc.) smth. rest in a chair (on a couch, under a tree, etc.) отдыхать /лежать, спать/ в кресле и т.д.; rest in the country (in the mountains, on the seashore, etc.) отдыхать /проводить отпуск/ в деревне и т.д.; rest from smth. rest from one's labours (from one's duty, from one's lessons, from one's studies, from [one's] work, from toil, from the heat, etc.) отдыхать от /после/ трудов и т.д.;
    2) rest at (upon, over, etc.) smth. rest at the bottom of the hill (upon the mountain top, over the entire city, upon the altar, etc.) лежать /покоиться/ у подножия холма и т.д.; rest on arches (upon marble pillars, on, a wall, etc.) опираться на арки /покоиться на арках/ и т.д.; the roof rests on eight columns эта крыша опирается на восемь колонн; he rested on his stick он опирался на палку; rest against the wall прислониться к стене; his elbow (her arm, the child's hand, etc.) rests on the table (on the rail, etc.) его локоть и т.д. лежит на столе и т.д.; her chin rests upon her hand она подпирает подбородок рукой; a shadow (an expression of doubt /of uncertainty/, etc.) rests (up)on his (her, etc.) face на его и т.д. лице лежит тень и т.д.; a light rests on his face лицо его озарено светом; a smile rests on the lips на губах блуждает улыбка id rest on one's oars naut. сушить весла; rest (up)on one's laurels почивать на лаврах
    3) rest in smth. rest in the /one's/ grave (in the churchyard, in [eternal] peace, etc.) покоиться в могиле и т.д.; rest in peace! мир праху твоему; may his soul rest in peace eccl. да упокоится душа его; rest with smb. rest with one's forefathers покоиться с предками
    4) rest (up)on smth. rest on a book (upon one's plays, upon credit, on different foundations, on a foundation of science and education, on the conscientiousness of the workmen etc.) основываться на книге и т.д.; опираться на книгу и т.д.; his fame rests upon his novels славу ему создали его романы; this party rests upon the peasant опорой этой партии является крестьянство; this argument rests on rather weak evidence этот довод довольно слабо обоснован; the error rests upon an optical illusion эта ошибка проистекает из оптического обмана /обмана зрения/; everything rests on his answer все зависит от его ответа; the case rests on the following facts в основу этого дела положены следующие факты
    5) rest with smb. the choice (the next move, etc.) rests with you выбор и т.д. [надо] делать вам; it rests with you to decide (to propose terms, etc.) решать и т.д. надо вам; government (the management of affairs, power, etc.) rests with him управление и т.д. в его руках; the responsibility rests with him ответственность лежит на нем; the priority of the invention rests with him приоритет в этом изобретении принадлежит ему; the fault rests with him вина лежит на нем
    6) rest (up)on smth., smb. one's gaze /one's glance/ rests on the open book (upon a strange scene, on smb.'s face, on smb., etc.) чей-л. взгляд устремлен на открытую книгу /прикован к открытой книге/ и т.д.; she let her glance rest on me она взглядом задержалась на мне
    9. XXI1
    1) rest smth. at smth. I shall not let it rest at that я этого так не оставлю; rest smth. for some time let the matter rest for a while оставим то пока [так, как есть]
    2) rest smb. for smth. rest the players for tomorrow's game пусть игроки отдохнут перед завтрашним состязанием; rest smb. in (before, on, etc.) smth. rest yourself in a chair (before the fire, on a rock, etc.) отдохните в кресле и т.д.
    3) rest smth. on (in, etc.) smth. rest one's elbows on the table (on the mantlepiece, etc.) класть локти на стол и т.д.; rest one's chin on one's hand подпереть подбородок рукой; rest one's head on a cushion (on smb.'s knee, on /in/ one's hands, etc.) положить голову на подушку и т.д.; rest your foot on the rail поставьте ногу на перекладину; rest a ladder (one's back, etc.) against the wall (against a tree, etc.) прислонить лестницу и т.д. к стене и т.д.; the knight rested his hands upon the hilt of his sword руки рыцаря лежали /покоились/ на рукоятке меча
    4) rest smth. on smth. rest an opinion on proof (one's claim on justice, etc.) основывать свое мнение на доказательствах и т.д.; he rested his argument on trivialities его аргументация строилась на общих фразах; rest smth. on /in /smb. rest one's hopes on /in/ smb. возлагать надежды на кого-л.
    5) rest smth. on smb., smth. rest one's eyes on smb. (on the scene, etc.) остановить свой взгляд на ком-л. и т.д.
    6) rest smth. for some time rest this land (this field) for a year agric. оставить эту землю (это поле) на одни год под паром
    10. XXV
    rest till... /until.../ usually in the negative1)
    he never rested till it was finished он ни разу не отдохнул, пока не закончил работу
    2)
    he could not rest till he got his wish (till he had succeeded, till he knew the truth, etc.) он не мог успокоиться, пока не добился своего и т.д.; I shall not rest till I have seen London я не успокоюсь, пока не увижу Лондон; we will not rest until the matter is settled мы не успокоимся, пока дело не будет решено

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > rest

  • 5 rest

    I
    1. [rest] n
    1. 1) покой, отдых; сон

    day of rest - день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье

    without rest - без отдыха, без передышки

    at rest - в покое [см. тж. 4]

    to set smb.'s mind at rest - успокоить кого-л.

    to go /to retire/ to rest - ложиться отдыхать /спать/

    to take a rest - отдыхать; спать

    I could get no rest - а) у меня не было ни минуты покоя /отдыха/; б) я не сомкнул глаз

    2) вечный покой, смерть

    to be at rest with one's fathers - отойти к праотцам, уснуть вечным сном

    2. перерыв, пауза, передышка

    rest area - воен. район расположения войск на отдых

    rest halt - воен. остановка на отдых, привал

    he had several rests on his way up the mountain - при подъёме на гору он несколько раз отдыхал

    3. воен. положение «вольно»
    4. неподвижность

    at rest - неподвижный [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    5. место отдыха, клуб (обыкн. для моряков)
    6. 1) спец. упор, опора
    2) тех. суппорт; люнет

    arm [forearm, leaning] rest - упор на руках [на предплечьях, лёжа]

    bent arm /cross, front/ rest - упор на согнутых руках

    8. 1) муз. пауза
    2) стих. цезура
    2. [rest] v
    1. 1) отдыхать; лежать; спать
    2) покоиться
    3) лежать, покоиться

    clouds resting on mountain tops - облака, лежащие на вершинах гор

    my eye rested on those remote blue peaks - мой взор был прикован к этим далёким голубым вершинам

    2. 1) отдыхать (от дел и т. п.), не работать

    to rest from one's labours - отдыхать от /после/ трудов

    to rest on one's oars - бездействовать; ≅ почивать на лаврах

    she planned to rest during her vacation - во время отпуска она решила ничем не заниматься

    2) давать отдых, покой

    to rest oneself - дать себе отдых; передохнуть

    they stopped at the wayside café to rest themselves - они остановились у придорожного кафе, чтобы немного передохнуть

    rest the players for tomorrow's game - пусть игроки отдохнут перед завтрашним состязанием

    these dark glasses rest my eyes - в этих тёмных очках у меня отдыхают глаза

    3. быть спокойным, не волноваться

    he could not rest till he got his wish - он не мог успокоиться, пока не добился своего

    4. (on, against)
    1) класть (на что-л.); прислонять (к чему-л.)

    to rest one's head on a cushion - положить, голову на подушку

    2) обосновывать

    he rested his argument on trivialities - его аргументация строилась на общих местах

    the verdict rested on several precedents - в основе вердикта лежали несколько прецедентов

    5. 1) (on) опираться (на что-л.); покоиться (на чём-л.)

    she let her glance rest on me - её взгляд остановился на мне; она пристально взглянула на меня

    2) (upon, on, in) опираться (на кого-л., что-л.)

    the charge rested upon one man's unsupported statement - обвинение строилось на ничем не подтверждённом заявлении одного лица

    all our hopes rested upon this venture - все наши надежды были связаны с этим рискованным предприятием

    6. 1) (on, upon, in) возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л., что-л.)

    to rest responsibility on /upon/ smb. - возлагать ответственность на кого-л.

    2) (with) быть возложенным (на кого-л.); лежать (на ком-л.; об ответственности и т. п.)

    the answer [the next move] rests with you - ответ [следующий шаг] за вами

    it rests with you to decide as best you can - ваше дело решать по своему усмотрению

    7. 1) оставаться без изменений

    let the matter rest - оставим (дело) так, как есть; не будем больше об этом говорить

    the matter cannot rest here - этим дело ещё не кончается; этим нельзя ограничиться

    2) продолжать быть в каком-л. состоянии

    you may rest assured - можете быть совершенно уверены, можете не волноваться

    8. с.-х.
    1) быть под паром, паровать
    2) оставлять под паром
    9. юр. заканчивать выступление обвинения или защиты, предоставление доказательств и т. п.
    II [rest] n
    1. (the rest)
    1) остаток, остальное

    and (all) the rest of it - и всё остальное /другое, прочее/

    (as) for the rest - что касается остального, что до остального [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    take what you want and throw the rest away - возьмите, что надо, а остальное выбросьте

    her hat was red as the rest of her clothes - шляпа на ней была красная, как и вся остальная одежда

    2) остальные; другие

    the rest of us - все (мы), остальные

    2. фин.
    1) (the rest) остаток, остающаяся сумма

    for the rest - на остающуюся сумму [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

    2) резервный фонд

    НБАРС > rest

  • 6 rest

    /rest/ * danh từ - sự nghỉ ngơi; lúc nghỉ ngơi; giấc ngủ =a day of rest+ ngày nghỉ =to go (retire) to rest+ đi ngủ =to take a rest+ nghỉ ngơi, đi ngủ - sự yên tâm, sự yên lòng, sự thanh thản, sự thư thái (trong tâm hồn) =to be at rest+ yên tâm, thư thái =to set someone's mind at rest+ làm cho ai yên lòng - sự yên nghỉ (người chết) =to be at rest+ yên nghỉ (người chết) =to lay somebody to rest+ đưa ai đến chỗ yên nghỉ cuối cùng, chết - sự ngừng lại =to bring to rest+ cho ngừng lại - nơi trú tạm, chỗ nghỉ ngơi (cho những thuỷ thủ, người lái xe...) - cái giá đỡ, cái chống, cái tựa - (âm nhạc) lặng; dấu lặng !to set a question at rest - giải quyết một vấn đề * nội động từ - nghỉ, nghỉ ngơi; ngủ =to rest from one's labours+ nghỉ làm việc =never let the enemy rest+ không để cho kẻ địch ngơi một lúc nào =to rest on one's oars+ tạm nghỉ tay chèo; (nghĩa bóng) nghỉ ngơi - yên nghỉ, chết - ngừng lại =the matter can't here+ vấn đề không thể ngừng lại ở đây được - (+ on, upon) dựa trên, tựa trên, đặt trên, chống vào ((nghĩa đen) & (nghĩa bóng)) =the arch rests on two big pillars+ khung vòm đặt trên hai cột lớn =a heavy responsibility rests upon them+ một trách nhiệm nặng nề đè lên vai họ - ỷ vào, dựa vào, tin vào =to rest on somebody's promise+ tin vào lời hứa của ai - (+ on, upon) ngưng lại, đọng lại, nhìn đăm đăm vào, mải nhìn (mắt...) =the red glow rests on the top of the trees+ ánh hồng ngưng lại trên những chòm cây =his eyes rested in the crowd+ mắt anh ta nhìn đăm đăm vào đám đông * ngoại động từ - cho nghỉ ngơi =to rest one's horse+ cho ngựa nghỉ =the green light rests the eyes+ ánh sang màu lục làm dịu mắt =to rest oneself+ nghỉ ngơi - đặt lên, dựa vào, chống =to rest one's elbows on the table+ chống khuỷ tay lên bàn =to rest a ladder against the wall+ dựa thang vào tường - dựa trên cơ sở, đặt trên cơ sở, căn cứ vào =he rests all his suspicious on that letter+ hắn cứ dựa vào bức thư đó mà dặt tất cả sự nghi ngờ * danh từ - (the rest) vật còn lại, cái còn lại; những người khác, những cái khác =and all the rest of it+ và tất cả những cái còn lại; và tất cả những cái khác có thể kể ra và vân vân =for the rest+ về phần còn lại; vả lại; vả chăng - (tài chính) quỹ dự trữ - (thương nghiệp) sổ quyết toán * nội động từ - còn, vẫn còn, vẫn cứ, cứ =you may rest assured that...+ anh có thể cứ tin chắc (yên trí) là... - (+ with) tuỳ thuộc vào, tuỳ ở (ai để giải quyết việc gì) =the final decision now rests with you+ bây giờ quyết định cuối cùng là tuỳ ở anh

    English-Vietnamese dictionary > rest

  • 7 rest

    I 1. [rest] noun
    1) (a (usually short) period of not working etc after, or between periods of, effort; (a period of) freedom from worries etc: Digging the garden is hard work - let's stop for a rest; Let's have/take a rest; I need a rest from all these problems - I'm going to take a week's holiday.) počitek
    2) (sleep: He needs a good night's rest.) spanje
    3) (something which holds or supports: a book-rest; a headrest on a car seat.) opora, naslon
    4) (a state of not moving: The machine is at rest.) mirovanje
    2. verb
    1) (to (allow to) stop working etc in order to get new strength or energy: We've been walking for four hours - let's stop and rest; Stop reading for a minute and rest your eyes; Let's rest our legs.) odpočiti se
    2) (to sleep; to lie or sit quietly in order to get new strength or energy, or because one is tired: Mother is resting at the moment.) počivati
    3) (to (make or allow to) lean, lie, sit, remain etc on or against something: Her head rested on his shoulder; He rested his hand on her arm; Her gaze rested on the jewels.) počivati
    4) (to relax, be calm etc: I will never rest until I know the murderer has been caught.) oddahniti si
    5) (to (allow to) depend on: Our hopes now rest on him, since all else has failed.) opreti (se)
    6) ((with with) (of a duty etc) to belong to: The choice rests with you.) biti odvisen (od)
    •
    - restfully
    - restfulness
    - restless
    - restlessly
    - restlessness
    - rest-room
    - at rest
    - come to rest
    - lay to rest
    - let the matter rest
    - rest assured
    - set someone's mind at rest     II [rest]
    * * *
    I [rest]
    noun
    (nočni) počitek, počivanje, mirovanje, mir; spanje, odmor, oddih; večni počitek (mir); počivališče; dom, zavetišče, prebivališče; technical opora, opornik, podpornik; music pavza; (metrika) cezura; (redko) obnovljena moč
    without rest — brez miru, brez odloga, nemudoma
    at rest — miren, nepremičen, mrtev
    rest room — soba za počivanje, dnevna soba; American toaleta
    rest period sport odmor v igri
    day of rest — dan počitka, praznik
    to be at rest — mirovati, v miru počivati (o mrtvem); biti pomirjen
    to come to rest — priti do miru, pomiriti se
    to go (to retire) to rest — iti k počitku, iti spat
    to lay to rest — položiti k (večnemu) počitku, zagrebsti, pokopati
    to set s.o.'s mind at rest — pomiriti, umiriti, utešiti, potolažiti koga
    to set a question at rest — odločiti, rešiti vprašanje
    to take one's rest — počivati, iti k počitku
    II [rest]
    intransitive verb
    mirovati, počivati, najti mir, umiriti se, biti miren; ležati, spati; odpočiti se; oddahniti se; obstati, ustaviti se (o stroju); opirati se (against, on na), opreti se, nasloniti se; zanesti se na, zaupati (in v); transitive verb pustiti (komu) počivati, dati počitek komu; varovati, prizanašati komu; dati mir komu; nasloniti, opreti (on na); upreti (pogled) na, v
    to rest oneself — odpočiti se, oddahniti si
    rest his soul! — mir, pokoj njegovi duši!
    to rest on (upon) one's oars — nehati veslati, figuratively počivati po napornem delu
    to rest on one's laurels figuratively počivati na svojih lovorikah
    are you rested? — si se odpočil?
    it rests with you to propose terms — vam je prepuščeno, da predlagate pogoje
    the burden rests upon him — breme odgovornosti leži, počiva na njem
    let him rest in peace! — naj (on) v miru počiva!
    we stopped to rest the horses — ustavili smo se, da bi dali počitka konjem
    III [rest]
    noun
    ostanek; preostanek; ostalo, ostali; rezervni sklad, rezerva (zlasti v Bank of England); commerce zaključek bilance, delanje bilance, računski zaključek; tennis niz (dolga zaporednost) žog
    for the rest — v ostalem, kar se ostalega tiče, gledé ostalega, sicer
    IV [rest]
    intransitive verb
    ostati, preostati, biti preostanek (of česa)
    rest assured that I will do my best — bodite prepričani, da bom storil vse, kar bo v moji moči
    to rest with — biti v rokah, biti odvisen od
    it rests with you to decide — vi odločite; vaša stvar je, da odločite
    V [rest]
    noun
    history kavelj na oklepu srednjeveškega viteza, v katerega je zataknil svoje kopje pri napadu na nasprotnika

    English-Slovenian dictionary > rest

  • 8 rest

    ̈ɪrest I
    1. сущ.
    1) а) покой, отдых, тж. сон complete rest ≈ полный отдых take a rest without rest set smb.'s mind at rest set a question at rest day of rest at rest bed rest earned rest go to rest retire to rest Syn: repose, relief б) вечный покой, смерть lay to rest в) австрал. сл. срок на один год тюрьмы
    2) а) перерыв, пауза;
    передышка б) муз. пауза
    3) неподвижность bring to rest
    4) а) место для отдыха (гостиница, пансионат и т. п.) б) прям. перен. опора;
    подставка, подпорка;
    упор;
    стойка armrest rest chin rest в) тех. суппорт;
    воен. сошка г) кий с подставкой (в биллиарде) ∙ Syn: residence, abode ∙ rest-room ≈ туалет
    2. гл.
    1) а) отдыхать, давать отдых, покой to rest from one's labours ≈ отдыхать от трудов rest your men for an hour ≈ дайте людям передохнуть часок rest up Syn: comfort б) оставаться спокойным, не волноваться He could not rest till he got his wish. ≈ Он не мог успокоиться, пока не получил, что хотел. в) театр. быть незанятым ни в каких ролях, быть безработным в данный период( об актере)
    2) а) покоиться, лежать (в частности, в могиле) ;
    амер. находиться в каком-л. специальном месте( церкви, доме;
    о теле в промежутке между смертью и погребением) It was so comfortable resting in his arms. ≈ Было так хорошо лежать в его объятиях. My father is dead;
    may he rest in peace. ≈ Мой отец умер, упокой Господь его душу. Let us rest his body in his family grave. ≈ Давайте похороним его в семейном склепе. Syn: lie б) класть, прислонять Rest your head against the back of the chair. ≈ Откинь голову на спинку кресла. Syn: support в) прям. перен. держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на;
    опираться (on, upon, against) г) покоиться (о взгляде) ;
    останавливаться, быть прикованным ( о взгляде, внимании, мыслях) (on, upon) His eyes rested on the peaceful valley below. ≈ Его взгляд лежал на мирной долине внизу. д) быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.) ;
    возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л.) Enough of blood rests on my head. ≈ На моих руках достаточно крови. It rests with the court to decide the prisoners guilt. ≈ Решить, виновны подсудимые или нет - дело суда. The nation rests too much power in the President. ≈ Народ доверил президенту слишком много власти.
    3) а) оставаться неподвижным б) оставаться без изменений let the matter rest
    4) с.-х. находиться под паром( об участке земли)
    5) юр. прекращать дело по своему желанию, отзывать иск из суда (о тяжущихся сторонах) ∙ to rest on one's laurels ≈ почивать на лаврах II
    1. сущ.
    1) а) остаток, остальное, другие, прочие, остальные( с определенным артиклем) the rest of us all the rest of it for the rest Syn: remainder, remnant, other б) мн. редк. останки Syn: remains в) мн. редк. реликвии, древности Syn: remnants, relics
    2) фин. резервный фонд (особенно о Банке Англии)
    2. гл.
    1) оставаться, сохраняться
    2) а) оставаться, оказываться в каком-л. состоянии To let his son's fate rest a dark and cruel mystery. ≈ Чтобы судьба его сына осталась темной и ужасной тайной. His mind was much too active and powerful to rest satisfied. ≈ Его душа была слишком живой и великой, чтобы остаться удовлетворенной. It rests with you to announce it. ≈ Однако, именно вам надлежит объявить об этом. б) редк. прощальная формула в письме I rest your affectionate sister, E. ≈ Остаюсь твоя любящая сестра, Э
    3) быть должным, задолжать He rests me nothing. ≈ Он мне ничего не должен. покой, отдых;
    сон - day of * день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье - without * без отдыха, без передышки - at * в покое - to be at * успокоиться - to set smb.'s mind at * успокоить кого-л. - to set a question at * улаживать вопрос - to go /to retire/ to * ложиться отдыхать /спать/ - to take a * отдыхать;
    спать - to have a good night's * хорошо выспаться - I could get no * у меня не было ни минуты покоя /отдыха/;
    я не сомкнул глаз - my mind is at * about the matter этот вопрос меня больше не тревожит - his fears were laid to * его опасения исчезли вечный покой, смерть - to lay to * хоронить - to be at * with one's fathers отойти к праотцам, уснуть вечным сном - to be at * from toil обрести вечный покой - he has gone to his * он умер перерыв, пауза, передышка - * area (военное) район расположения войск на отдых - * halt (военное) остановка на отдых, привал - to make a * from work сделать передышку - he had several *s on his way up the mountain при подъеме на гору он несколько раз отдыхал (военное) положение "вольно" неподвижность - at * неподвижный - to bring to * останавливать - the horses were brought to * лошадей остановили - to come to * остановиться место отдыха, клуб( обыкн. для моряков) (специальное) упор, опора ( техническое) суппорт;
    люнет( спортивное) упор (точка опоры ниже уровня плеч) - arm * упор на руках - bent arm /cross, front/ * упор на согнутых руках (музыкальное) пауза (стихосложение) цезура отдыхать;
    лежать;
    спать - he likes to * after dinner после обеда он любит отдохнуть покоиться - he *s in the churchyard он покоится на кладбище - let her * in peace мир праху ее лежать, покоиться - clouds *ing on mountain tops облака, лежащие на вершинах гор - my eye *ed on those remote blue peaks мой взор был прикован к этим далеким голубым вершинам отдыхать (от дел и т. п.), не работать - to * from one's labours отдыхать от /после/ трудов - not to let the enemy * не давать покоя противнику - to * on one's oars бездействовать;
    почивать на лаврах - *! вольно! (команда) - she planned to * during her vacation во время отпуска она решила ничем не заниматься давать отдых, покой - to * men and horses дать отдых людям и лошадям - to * oneself дать себе отдых;
    передохнуть - they stopped at the wayside cafe to * themselves они остановились у придорожного кафе, чтобы немного передохнуть - * the players for tomorrow's game пусть игроки отдохнут перед завтрашним состязанием - these dark glasses * my eyes в этих темных очках у меня отдыхают глаза - a colour that *s the eyes спокойный цвет быть спокойным, не волноваться - he could not * till he got his wish он не мог успокоиться, пока не добился своего (on, against) класть (на что-л.) ;
    прислонять (к чему-л.) - to * one's elbows on the table класть локти на стол - to * one's head on a cushion положить голову на подушку - * the picture against the wall прислони картину к стене (on, against) обосновывать - he *ed his argument on trivialities его аргументация строилась на общих местах - the verdict *ed on several precedents в основе вердикта лежали несколько прецедентов (on) опираться (на что-л.) ;
    покоиться (на чем-л.) - the roof *s on eight columns крыша покоится на восьми колоннах - she let her glance * on me ее взгляд остановился на мне;
    она пристально взглянула на меня (upon, on, in) опираться (на кого-л., что-л.) - his fame *s upon his novels славу ему создали его романы - the charge *ed upon one man's unsupported statement обвинение строилось на ничем не подтвержденном заявлении одного лица - he *ed all his hopes in his son все свои надежды он возлагал на сына - all our hopes *ed upon this venture все наши надежды были связаны с этим рискованным предприятием (on, upon, in) возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л., что-л.) - to * responsibility on /upon/ smb. возлагать ответственность на кого-л. - we * in your promise мы уповаем на ваше обещание( with) быть возложенным (на кого-л.) ;
    лежать (на ком-л.;
    об ответственности и т. п.) - the fault *s with him вина лежит на нем - the answer *s with you ответ за вами - it *s with you to decide as best you can ваше дело решать по своему усмотрению оставаться без изменений - let the matter * оставим (дело) так, как есть;
    не будем больше об этом говорить - the matter cannot * here этим дело еще не кончается;
    этим нельзя ограничиться - this *s a mystery это остается тайной продолжать быть в каком-л. состоянии - you may * assured можете быть совершенно уверены, можете не волноваться (сельскохозяйственное) быть под паром, паровать (сельскохозяйственное) оставлять под паром (юридическое) заканчивать выступление обвинения или защиты, предоставление доказательств и т. п. - the defence *s защите нечего добавить (the *) остаток, остальное - and (all) the * of it и все остальное /другое, прочее/ - (as) for the * что касается остального, что до остального - as to the * в других отношениях - take what you want and throw the * away возьмите, что надо, а остальное выбросьте - her hat was red as the * of her clothes шляпа на ней была красная, как и вся остальная одежда остальные;
    другие - the * of us все (мы), остальные - to cut adrift from the * оторваться от всех( финансовое) (the *) остаток, остающаяся сумма - for the * на остающуюся сумму( финансовое) резервный фонд the ~ of it, all the ~ of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее;
    for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального ~ держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на;
    опираться (on, upon, against) ;
    the argument rests on rather a weak evidence довод довольно слабо обоснован at ~ в состоянии покоя at ~ мертвый;
    to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать;
    to take a rest отдыхать;
    спать;
    without rest без отдыха, без передышки at ~ неподвижный rest быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.) ;
    the blam'e rests with them вина лежит на них ~ неподвижность;
    to bring to rest останавливать (экипаж и т. п.) to set (smb.'s) mind at ~ успокаивать( кого-л.) ;
    to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос;
    day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье the ~ of it, all the ~ of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее;
    for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального at ~ мертвый;
    to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать;
    to take a rest отдыхать;
    спать;
    without rest без отдыха, без передышки ~ вечный покой, смерть;
    he has gone to his rest он умер;
    to lay to rest хоронить it rests with you to decide за вами право решения;
    the next move rests with you следующий шаг за вами ~ вечный покой, смерть;
    he has gone to his rest он умер;
    to lay to rest хоронить ~ оставаться без изменений;
    let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть;
    the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено ~ оставаться без изменений;
    let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть;
    the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено ~ покоиться, лежать;
    отдыхать;
    to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов;
    never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу it rests with you to decide за вами право решения;
    the next move rests with you следующий шаг за вами rest быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.) ;
    the blam'e rests with them вина лежит на них ~ вечный покой, смерть;
    he has gone to his rest он умер;
    to lay to rest хоронить ~ возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л.) ~ давать отдых, покой;
    rest your men for an hour дайте людям передохнуть часок ~ держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на;
    опираться (on, upon, against) ;
    the argument rests on rather a weak evidence довод довольно слабо обоснован ~ заканчивать (выступление обвинения, защиты, представление доказательств и т.д.) ~ запрещать распространение( печатного издания) ~ класть, прислонять;
    to rest one's elbow on the table опираться локтем о стол ~ лежать (на ком-л.) (об ответственности, обязанности и т.д.) ~ место для отдыха (гостиница, отель, мотель и т. п.) ~ неподвижность;
    to bring to rest останавливать (экипаж и т. п.) ~ опора;
    подставка, подпорка;
    упор;
    стойка ~ оставаться;
    this rests a mystery это остается тайной;
    you may rest assured можете быть уверены ~ с.-х. оставаться, находиться под паром ~ оставаться без изменений;
    let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть;
    the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено ~ оставаться спокойным, не волноваться ~ муз. пауза ~ перерыв, пауза;
    передышка ~ покоиться (о взгляде) ;
    останавливаться, быть прикованным (о внимании, мыслях;
    on, upon) ~ покоиться, лежать;
    отдыхать;
    to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов;
    never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу ~ покой, отдых;
    сон ~ фин. резервный фонд ~ тех. суппорт ~ прос. цезура ~ покоиться, лежать;
    отдыхать;
    to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов;
    never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу the ~ of it, all the ~ of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее;
    for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального ~the ~ остаток;
    остальное;
    остальные, другие;
    the rest of us остальные ~ класть, прислонять;
    to rest one's elbow on the table опираться локтем о стол ~the ~ остаток;
    остальное;
    остальные, другие;
    the rest of us остальные ~ давать отдых, покой;
    rest your men for an hour дайте людям передохнуть часок to set (smb.'s) mind at ~ успокаивать (кого-л.) ;
    to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос;
    day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье to set (smb.'s) mind at ~ успокаивать (кого-л.) ;
    to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос;
    day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье at ~ мертвый;
    to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать;
    to take a rest отдыхать;
    спать;
    without rest без отдыха, без передышки ~ оставаться;
    this rests a mystery это остается тайной;
    you may rest assured можете быть уверены at ~ мертвый;
    to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать;
    to take a rest отдыхать;
    спать;
    without rest без отдыха, без передышки ~ оставаться;
    this rests a mystery это остается тайной;
    you may rest assured можете быть уверены

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > rest

  • 9 rest

    [̈ɪrest]
    the rest of it, all the rest of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее; for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального rest держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на; опираться (on, upon, against); the argument rests on rather a weak evidence довод довольно слабо обоснован at rest в состоянии покоя at rest мертвый; to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать; to take a rest отдыхать; спать; without rest без отдыха, без передышки at rest неподвижный rest быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.); the blam'e rests with them вина лежит на них rest неподвижность; to bring to rest останавливать (экипаж и т. п.) to set (smb.'s) mind at rest успокаивать (кого-л.); to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос; day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье the rest of it, all the rest of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее; for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального at rest мертвый; to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать; to take a rest отдыхать; спать; without rest без отдыха, без передышки rest вечный покой, смерть; he has gone to his rest он умер; to lay to rest хоронить it rests with you to decide за вами право решения; the next move rests with you следующий шаг за вами rest вечный покой, смерть; he has gone to his rest он умер; to lay to rest хоронить rest оставаться без изменений; let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть; the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено rest оставаться без изменений; let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть; the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено rest покоиться, лежать; отдыхать; to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов; never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу it rests with you to decide за вами право решения; the next move rests with you следующий шаг за вами rest быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.); the blam'e rests with them вина лежит на них rest вечный покой, смерть; he has gone to his rest он умер; to lay to rest хоронить rest возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л.) rest давать отдых, покой; rest your men for an hour дайте людям передохнуть часок rest держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на; опираться (on, upon, against); the argument rests on rather a weak evidence довод довольно слабо обоснован rest заканчивать (выступление обвинения, защиты, представление доказательств и т.д.) rest запрещать распространение (печатного издания) rest класть, прислонять; to rest one's elbow on the table опираться локтем о стол rest лежать (на ком-л.) (об ответственности, обязанности и т.д.) rest место для отдыха (гостиница, отель, мотель и т. п.) rest неподвижность; to bring to rest останавливать (экипаж и т. п.) rest опора; подставка, подпорка; упор; стойка rest оставаться; this rests a mystery это остается тайной; you may rest assured можете быть уверены rest с.-х. оставаться, находиться под паром rest оставаться без изменений; let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть; the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено rest оставаться спокойным, не волноваться rest муз. пауза rest перерыв, пауза; передышка rest покоиться (о взгляде); останавливаться, быть прикованным (о внимании, мыслях; on, upon) rest покоиться, лежать; отдыхать; to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов; never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу rest покой, отдых; сон rest фин. резервный фонд rest тех. суппорт rest прос. цезура rest покоиться, лежать; отдыхать; to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов; never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу the rest of it, all the rest of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее; for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального restthe rest остаток; остальное; остальные, другие; the rest of us остальные rest класть, прислонять; to rest one's elbow on the table опираться локтем о стол restthe rest остаток; остальное; остальные, другие; the rest of us остальные rest давать отдых, покой; rest your men for an hour дайте людям передохнуть часок to set (smb.'s) mind at rest успокаивать (кого-л.); to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос; day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье to set (smb.'s) mind at rest успокаивать (кого-л.); to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос; day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье at rest мертвый; to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать; to take a rest отдыхать; спать; without rest без отдыха, без передышки rest оставаться; this rests a mystery это остается тайной; you may rest assured можете быть уверены at rest мертвый; to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать; to take a rest отдыхать; спать; without rest без отдыха, без передышки rest оставаться; this rests a mystery это остается тайной; you may rest assured можете быть уверены

    English-Russian short dictionary > rest

  • 10 rest

    1. n
    1) спокій; відпочинок; сон

    day of rest — вихідний день, неділя

    at rest — а) на спочинку; б) нерухомий

    without rest — без перепочинку, без передишки

    to go (to retire) to rest — лягати відпочивати (спати)

    to take a rest — відпочивати, спати

    2) перен. вічний спокій, смерть
    3) перерва, пауза, перепочинок
    4) військ. позиція «вільно»
    5) нерухомість
    6) місце відпочинку, клуб (для моряків)
    1) тех. упор, опора
    8) тех. супорт
    9) муз. пауза
    10) поет. цезура
    11) (the rest) залишок; решта
    12) решта, інші
    13) (the rest) фін. залишкова сума
    14) фін. резервний фонд

    rest area — військ. район розташування військ на відпочинок

    rest day — день відпочинку, неділя

    rest gown — домашня сукня; халат; пеньюар

    rest halt — військ. зупинка на відпочинок; привал

    rest period — а) перерва під час робочого дня; б) біол. період спокою (рослин, насіння)

    as to the rest — в інших відношеннях; щодо іншого

    2. v
    1) відпочивати; лежати; спати
    2) покоїтися
    3) не працювати, відпочивати
    4) давати відпочинок (спокій)
    5) бути спокійним, не хвилюватися
    6) класти (на щось); притуляти (до чогось)
    7) спиратися (на щось)
    8) обґрунтовувати
    9) ґрунтуватися (на чомусь)
    10) покладатися (на когось, на щось)
    11) покладати (відповідальність на когось, на щось — on, upon, in)
    12) бути віднесеним (на когось); лежати (на комусь; про відповідальність, провину тощо)
    13) залишатися без змін
    14) с.г. залишати під паром
    15) с.г. бути під паром
    16) юр. закінчувати виступ обвинувачення (захисту)
    17) залишатися
    18) арештовувати
    19) накладати арешт
    * * *
    I [rest] n
    1) спокій, відпочинок; сон; вічний спокій, смерть
    2) перерва, пауза, перепочинок
    3) вiйcьк. положення "вільно"
    4) нерухомість, непорушність
    5) місце відпочинку, клуб ( для моряків)
    6) cпeц. упор, опора; тex. супорт; люнет
    8) мyз. пауза; пoeт. цезура
    II [rest] v
    1) відпочивати; лежати; спати; спочивати, покоїтися; лежати, спочивати (нaпp., про погляд)
    2) відпочивати ( від справ), не працювати

    rest! — вільно! ( команда); давати відпочинок, спокій

    3) бути спокійним, не хвилюватися
    4) (on, against) класти ( на що-небудь); притуляти ( до чого-небудь); обґрунтовувати
    5) (on) опиратися, спиратися ( на що-небудь); спочивати ( на чому-небудь); (upon, on, in) спиратися (на кого-небудь, що-небудь)
    6) (on, upon, in) покладати (відповідальність на кого-небудь, що-небудь); ( with) покладатися ( на кого-небудь); лежати (на кому-небудь; про відповідальність)
    7) залишатися без змін; продовжувати бути в якому-небудь стані
    8) c-г. бути під паром, парувати; залишати під паром
    9) юp. закінчувати виступ обвинувачення або захисту, надання доказів
    III [rest] n
    1) ( the rest) залишок, решта; інше; інші; решта
    2) eк. ( the rest) залишок, сума, що залишається; резервний фонд

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > rest

  • 11 rest

    I
    1. noun
    1) покой, отдых; сон;
    at rest
    а) в состоянии покоя;
    б) неподвижный;
    в) мертвый; to go (или to retire) to rest ложиться отдыхать, спать; to take a rest отдыхать; спать; without rest без отдыха, без передышки; to set smb.'s mind at rest успокаивать кого-л.; to set a question at rest улаживать вопрос; day of rest день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье
    2) перерыв, пауза; передышка
    3) вечный покой, смерть; he has gone to his rest он умер; to lay to rest хоронить
    4) неподвижность; to bring to rest останавливать (экипаж и т. п.)
    5) место для отдыха (гостиница, отель, мотель и т. п.)
    6) mus. пауза
    7) prosody цезура
    8) опора; подставка, подпорка; упор; стойка
    9) tech. суппорт
    2. verb
    1) покоиться, лежать; отдыхать; to rest from one's labours отдыхать от трудов; never let your enemy rest не давайте покоя врагу
    2) давать отдых, покой; rest your men for an hour дайте людям передохнуть часок
    3) оставаться без изменений; let the matter rest не будем это трогать, оставим так, как есть; the matter cannot rest here дело должно быть продолжено
    4) оставаться спокойным, не волноваться
    5) держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на; опираться (on, upon, against); the argument rests on rather a weak evidence довод довольно слабо обоснован
    6) класть, прислонять; to rest one's elbow on the table опираться локтем о стол
    7) покоиться (о взгляде); останавливаться, быть прикованным (о внимании, мыслях; on, upon)
    8) быть возложенным, лежать (об ответственности, вине и т. п.); the blame rests with them вина лежит на них
    9) возлагать (ответственность и т. п. на кого-л.)
    10) agric. оставаться, находиться под паром
    Syn:
    comfort
    II
    1. noun
    1) (the rest) остаток; остальное; остальные, другие; the rest of us остальные; the rest (или all the rest) of it и все другое, остальное, и прочее; for the rest что до остального, что же касается остального
    2) fin. резервный фонд
    2. verb
    1) оставаться; this rests a mystery это остается тайной; you may rest assured можете быть уверены
    2) it rests with you to decide за вами право решения; the next move rests with you следующий шаг за вами
    * * *
    1 (n) отдых
    2 (v) покоиться
    * * *
    1) отдых, покой 2) отдыхать 3) опираться
    * * *
    [ rest] n. покой, отдых; сон; вечный покой, смерть; перерыв, пауза, передышка; неподвижность; место отдыха, база отдыха; упор, опора, подставка, подпорка; стойка; цезура; остаток, остальное; резервный фонд v. отдыхать, лежать; спать; покоиться; давать отдых, давать покой; оставаться спокойным, не волноваться; класть, опираться; держаться; основываться, прислонять; быть возложенным, быть прикованным; оставаться под паром, находиться под паром
    * * *
    возлагать
    воскресенье
    держать
    другие
    класть
    лежать
    неподвижность
    опираться
    опора
    основывать
    оставаться
    остальное
    остальные
    останавливаться
    остаток
    отдохновение
    отдохнуть
    отдых
    отдыхать
    пауза
    передышка
    перерыв
    подпорка
    подставка
    покоиться
    покой
    прислонять
    сдача
    смерть
    сон
    спать
    стойка
    упор
    * * *
    I 1. сущ. 1) а) покой, отдых, тж. сон б) вечный покой в) австрал. сленг срок на один год тюрьмы 2) а) перерыв б) муз. пауза 2. гл. 1) а) отдыхать, давать отдых б) оставаться спокойным, не волноваться в) театр. быть незанятым ни в каких ролях, быть безработным в данный период (об актере) 2) а) покоиться, лежать (в частности, в могиле); амер. находиться в каком-л. специальном месте б) класть в) прям. перен. держать(ся), основывать(ся), лежать на; опираться (on, upon, against) г) покоиться (о взгляде); останавливаться, быть прикованным (о взгляде, внимании, мыслях) (on, upon) д) быть возложенным, лежать; возлагать 3) а) оставаться неподвижным б) оставаться без изменений II 1. сущ. 1) а) остаток, остальное, другие, прочие, остальные (с определенным артиклем) б) мн. редк. останки в) мн. редк. реликвии 2) финанс. резервный фонд (особенно о Банке Англии) 2. гл. 1) оставаться 2) а) оставаться, оказываться в каком-л. состоянии б) редк. прощальная формула в письме 3) быть должным

    Новый англо-русский словарь > rest

  • 12 rest

    I 1. intransitive verb
    1) (lie, lit. or fig.) ruhen

    rest on — ruhen auf (+ Dat.); (fig.) [Argumentation:] sich stützen auf (+ Akk.); [Ruf:] beruhen auf (+ Dat.)

    rest against something — an etwas (Dat.) lehnen

    2) (take repose) ruhen; sich ausruhen ( from von); (pause) eine Pause machen od. einlegen

    I won't rest until... — ich werde nicht ruhen noch rasten, bis...

    tell somebody to rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    3) (be left)

    let the matter rest — die Sache ruhen lassen

    rest assured that... — seien Sie versichert, dass...

    4)

    rest with somebody — [Verantwortung, Entscheidung, Schuld:] bei jemandem liegen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (place for support)

    rest something against something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) lehnen

    rest something on something — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf etwas (Akk.) stützen

    2) (give relief to) ausruhen lassen [Pferd, Person]; ausruhen [Augen]; schonen [Stimme, Körperteil]
    3. noun
    1) (repose) Ruhe, die

    be at rest — (euphem.): (be dead) ruhen (geh.)

    lay to rest — (euphem.): (bury) zur letzten Ruhe betten (geh. verhüll.)

    2) (freedom from exertion) Ruhe[pause], die; Erholung, die ( from von)

    tell somebody to take a rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    have or take a rest — [eine] Pause machen

    give somebody/ something a rest — ausruhen lassen [Person, Nutztier]; (fig.) ruhen lassen [Thema, Angelegenheit]

    give it a rest! — (coll.) hör jetzt mal auf damit!

    4) (stationary position)

    at rest — in Ruhe

    come to rest — zum Stehen kommen; (have final position) landen

    5) (Mus.) Pause, die
    II noun

    and [all] the rest of it — und so weiter

    for the rest — im übrigen; sonst

    * * *
    I 1. [rest] noun
    1) (a (usually short) period of not working etc after, or between periods of, effort; (a period of) freedom from worries etc: Digging the garden is hard work - let's stop for a rest; Let's have/take a rest; I need a rest from all these problems - I'm going to take a week's holiday.) die Ruhepause
    2) (sleep: He needs a good night's rest.) die Ruhe
    3) (something which holds or supports: a book-rest; a headrest on a car seat.) die Stütze
    4) (a state of not moving: The machine is at rest.) die Ruhelage
    2. verb
    1) (to (allow to) stop working etc in order to get new strength or energy: We've been walking for four hours - let's stop and rest; Stop reading for a minute and rest your eyes; Let's rest our legs.) ausruhen
    2) (to sleep; to lie or sit quietly in order to get new strength or energy, or because one is tired: Mother is resting at the moment.) ruhen
    3) (to (make or allow to) lean, lie, sit, remain etc on or against something: Her head rested on his shoulder; He rested his hand on her arm; Her gaze rested on the jewels.) ruhen
    4) (to relax, be calm etc: I will never rest until I know the murderer has been caught.) ruhen
    5) (to (allow to) depend on: Our hopes now rest on him, since all else has failed.) sich stützen
    6) ((with with) (of a duty etc) to belong to: The choice rests with you.) liegen
    •
    - academic.ru/61860/restful">restful
    - restfully
    - restfulness
    - restless
    - restlessly
    - restlessness
    - rest-room
    - at rest
    - come to rest
    - lay to rest
    - let the matter rest
    - rest assured
    - set someone's mind at rest     II [rest]
    - the rest
    * * *
    rest1
    [rest]
    n + sing/pl vb
    ▪ the \rest der Rest
    the \rest is silence der Rest ist Schweigen
    rest2
    [rest]
    I. n
    1. (period of repose) [Ruhe]pause f
    to have a \rest eine Pause machen [o einlegen]
    to need a \rest eine Pause brauchen
    I feel like I need a \rest from all my problems ich könnte eine Verschnaufpause von allen meinen Problemen gebrauchen
    2. no pl (repose) Erholung f
    for a \rest zur Erholung
    3. MUS Pause f; (symbol) Pausenzeichen nt
    4. (support) Stütze f, Lehne f; (in billiards) Führungsqueue m o nt
    arm/foot/book \rest Arm-/Fuß-/Buchstütze f
    5.
    ▶ to be at \rest (not moving) sich akk im Ruhezustand befinden; (dead) ruhen euph
    ▶ to come to \rest zur Ruhe kommen
    ▶ to give sth a \rest etw ruhenlassen
    ▶ to give it a \rest ( fam) es seinlassen fam, damit aufhören
    II. vt
    to \rest one's eyes/legs seine Augen/Beine ausruhen
    to \rest oneself sich akk ausruhen
    ▪ to \rest sth against/[up]on sth etw gegen/an etw akk lehnen
    she \rested her head on my shoulder sie lehnte den Kopf an meine Schulter
    3. AM LAW (conclude evidence)
    to \rest one's case seine Beweisführung abschließen
    III. vi
    1. (cease activity) [aus]ruhen, sich akk ausruhen
    to not \rest until... [so lange] nicht ruhen, bis...
    to let sth \rest etw ruhenlassen; ( fam)
    let it \rest! lass es doch auf sich beruhen!
    why won't you let me come with you? — oh, let it \rest! warum darf ich nicht mitkommen? — ach, hör doch endlich auf!
    3. ( form: remain) ruhen
    the problem cannot be allowed to \rest das Problem darf nicht aufgeschoben werden
    it \rests on her to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei ihr
    the child's head \rested in her lap der Kopf des Kindes ruhte in ihrem Schoß
    ▪ to \rest against sth an etw dat lehnen
    ▪ to \rest on sth auf etw dat ruhen; (be based on) auf etw dat beruhen
    the prosecution's case \rests almost entirely on circumstantial evidence die Anklage gründet sich fast ausschließlich auf Indizienbeweise
    ▪ to \rest on [or with] sb auf jdm ruhen, jdm obliegen geh
    the final decision \rests with the planning committee die endgültige Entscheidung ist Sache des Planungskomitees
    ▪ to \rest [up]on sb/sth gaze auf jdm/etw ruhen
    7.
    ▶ [you can] \rest assured [or easy] [that...] seien Sie versichert, dass...
    ▶ to be \resting BRIT ( fam) arbeitslos sein
    ▶ to \rest on one's laurels sich akk auf seinen Lorbeeren ausruhen
    ▶ \rest in peace ruhe in Frieden
    may he/she \rest in peace möge er/sie in Frieden ruhen
    * * *
    I [rest]
    1. n
    1) (= relaxation) Ruhe f; (= pause) Pause f, Unterbrechung f; (in rest cure, on holiday etc) Erholung f

    I need a rest — ich muss mich ausruhen

    take a rest! — mach mal Pause!

    to give one's eyes a rest —

    to give sb/the horses a rest — jdn/die Pferde ausruhen lassen

    2)

    to set at rest (fears, doubts) — beschwichtigen

    you can set or put your mind at rest — Sie können sich beruhigen, Sie können beruhigt sein

    to come to rest (ball, car etc) — zum Stillstand kommen; (bird, insect) sich niederlassen; (gaze, eyes) hängen bleiben (upon an +dat )

    3) (= support) Auflage f; (of telephone) Gabel f; (BILLIARDS) Steg m → armrest, footrest
    See:
    → armrest, footrest
    4) (MUS) Pause f; (POET) Zäsur f
    2. vi
    1) (= lie down, take rest) ruhen (geh); (= relax, be still) sich ausruhen; (= pause) Pause machen, eine Pause einlegen; (on walk, in physical work) rasten, Pause machen; (euph = be buried) ruhen

    he will not rest until he discovers the truth — er wird nicht ruhen (und rasten), bis er die Wahrheit gefunden hat

    to rest easy (in one's bed) — beruhigt schlafen

    (the case for) the prosecution rests — das Plädoyer der Anklage ist abgeschlossen

    may he rest in peace —

    2) (= remain decision, authority, blame, responsibility etc) liegen (with bei)

    the matter must not rest there —

    (you may) rest assured that... — Sie können versichert sein, dass...

    3) (= lean person, head, ladder) lehnen (on an +dat, against gegen= be supported roof etc) ruhen (on auf +dat fig eyes, gaze) ruhen (on auf +dat fig = be based, argument, case) sich stützen (on auf +acc); (reputation) beruhen (on auf +dat); (responsibility) liegen, ruhen (on auf +dat)
    3. vt
    1) one's eyes ausruhen; voice schonen; horses ausruhen lassen

    to feel rested —

    (may) God rest his soul — Gott hab ihn selig!

    2) (= lean) ladder lehnen (against gegen, on an +acc); elbow stützen (on auf +acc); (fig) theory, suspicions stützen (on auf +acc)
    II
    n
    (= remainder) Rest m

    the rest of the money/meal — der Rest des Geldes/Essens, das übrige Geld/Essen

    the rest of the boys —

    you go off and the rest of us will wait here — ihr geht, und der Rest von uns wartet hier

    he was as drunk as the rest of them — er war so betrunken wie der Rest or die übrigen

    all the rest of the money — der ganze Rest des Geldes, das ganze übrige Geld

    and all the rest of it (inf) — und so weiter und so fort

    Mary, Jane and all the rest of them — Mary, Jane und wie sie alle heißen

    * * *
    rest1 [rest]
    A s
    1. (Nacht)Ruhe f:
    have a good night’s rest gut schlafen;
    go ( oder retire) to rest sich zur Ruhe begeben
    2. Ruhe f, Rast f, Ruhepause f, Erholung f:
    day of rest Ruhetag m;
    a) jemanden, ein Pferd etc ausruhen lassen, die Beine etc ausruhen,
    b) eine Maschine etc ruhen lassen,
    c) umg etwas auf sich beruhen lassen;
    take a rest, get some rest sich ausruhen
    3. Ruhe f (Untätigkeit):
    volcano at rest untätiger Vulkan
    4. Ruhe f (Frieden):
    a) (aus)ruhen,
    b) beruhigt sein;
    put ( oder set) sb’s mind at rest
    a) jemanden beruhigen,
    b) jemandem die Befangenheit nehmen;
    set a matter at rest eine Sache (endgültig) erledigen
    5. ewige oder letzte Ruhe:
    lay to rest zur letzten Ruhe betten
    6. PHYS, TECH Ruhe(lage) f:
    rest mass PHYS Ruhemasse f;
    rest contact ELEK Ruhekontakt m;
    be at rest TECH sich in Ruhelage befinden
    7. Ruheplatz m (auch Grab)
    8. Raststätte f
    9. Herberge f, Heim n
    10. Wohnstätte f, Aufenthalt m
    11. a) TECH Auflage f, Stütze f
    b) (Fuß) Raste f
    c) (Arm) Lehne f
    d) Support m (einer Drehbank)
    e) MIL (Gewehr) Auflage f
    f) (Nasen) Steg m (einer Brille)
    g) TEL Gabel f
    12. MUS Pause f
    13. LIT Zäsur f
    B v/i
    1. ruhen (auch Toter):
    may he rest in peace er ruhe in Frieden;
    rest (up)on
    a) ruhen auf (dat) (auch Last, Blick etc),
    b) fig beruhen auf (dat), sich stützen oder sich gründen auf (akk),
    c) fig sich verlassen auf (akk);
    let a matter rest fig eine Sache auf sich beruhen lassen;
    the matter cannot rest there damit kann es nicht sein Bewenden haben
    2. (sich) ausruhen, rasten, eine Pause einlegen:
    rest from toil von der Arbeit ausruhen;
    he never rested until er ruhte (u. rastete) nicht, bis;
    rest up US umg (sich) ausruhen, sich erholen;
    resting euph ohne Engagement (Schauspieler)
    3. rest with fig bei jemandem liegen, in jemandes Händen liegen, von jemandem abhängen:
    the fault rests with you die Schuld liegt bei Ihnen;
    it rests with you to propose terms es bleibt Ihnen überlassen oder es liegt an Ihnen, Bedingungen vorzuschlagen
    4. AGR brachliegen (Ackerland)
    5. (against) sich stützen oder lehnen (gegen), TECH anliegen (an dat)
    6. sich verlassen (on, upon auf akk)
    7. vertrauen (in auf akk):
    8. JUR US → C 7
    C v/t
    1. (aus)ruhen lassen:
    rest one’s legs die Beine ausruhen
    2. seine Augen, seine Stimme etc schonen
    3. Frieden geben (dat):
    God rest his soul Gott hab ihn selig
    4. (on) legen (auf akk), lagern (auf dat)
    5. lehnen, stützen ( beide:
    against gegen;
    on auf akk)
    6. fig stützen, gründen ( beide:
    on auf akk)
    7. rest one’s case JUR US den Beweisvortrag abschließen (Prozesspartei)
    rest2 [rest]
    A s
    1. Rest m:
    rest nitrogen MED Reststickstoff m
    2. (das) Übrige, (die) Übrigen pl:
    and all the rest of it und alles Übrige;
    and the rest of it und dergleichen;
    he is like all the rest er ist wie alle anderen;
    the rest of it das Weitere;
    the rest of us wir Übrigen;
    for the rest im Übrigen
    3. WIRTSCH Br Reservefonds m
    4. WIRTSCH Br
    a) Bilanzierung f
    b) Restsaldo m
    B v/i in einem Zustand bleiben, weiterhin sein:
    the affair rests a mystery die Angelegenheit bleibt ein Geheimnis; → assured A 1
    rest3 [rest] s MIL, HIST Rüsthaken m (Widerlager für Turnierlanze):
    lay ( oder set) one’s lance in rest die Lanze einlegen
    * * *
    I 1. intransitive verb
    1) (lie, lit. or fig.) ruhen

    rest on — ruhen auf (+ Dat.); (fig.) [Argumentation:] sich stützen auf (+ Akk.); [Ruf:] beruhen auf (+ Dat.)

    2) (take repose) ruhen; sich ausruhen ( from von); (pause) eine Pause machen od. einlegen

    I won't rest until... — ich werde nicht ruhen noch rasten, bis...

    tell somebody to rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    rest assured that... — seien Sie versichert, dass...

    4)

    rest with somebody — [Verantwortung, Entscheidung, Schuld:] bei jemandem liegen

    2. transitive verb

    rest something on something — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf etwas (Akk.) stützen

    2) (give relief to) ausruhen lassen [Pferd, Person]; ausruhen [Augen]; schonen [Stimme, Körperteil]
    3. noun
    1) (repose) Ruhe, die

    be at rest — (euphem.): (be dead) ruhen (geh.)

    lay to rest — (euphem.): (bury) zur letzten Ruhe betten (geh. verhüll.)

    2) (freedom from exertion) Ruhe[pause], die; Erholung, die ( from von)

    tell somebody to take a rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    have or take a rest — [eine] Pause machen

    give somebody/ something a rest — ausruhen lassen [Person, Nutztier]; (fig.) ruhen lassen [Thema, Angelegenheit]

    give it a rest! — (coll.) hör jetzt mal auf damit!

    come to rest — zum Stehen kommen; (have final position) landen

    5) (Mus.) Pause, die
    II noun

    and [all] the rest of it — und so weiter

    for the rest — im übrigen; sonst

    * * *
    n.
    Auflage f.
    Lehne -n f.
    Pause -n (Musik) f.
    Rast -en f.
    Rest -e m.
    Ruhe nur sing. f.
    Stütze -n f. v.
    ausruhen v.
    bleiben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: blieb, ist geblieben)
    rasten v.
    ruhen v.

    English-german dictionary > rest

  • 13 rest

    Ⅰ
    rest [rest]
    1. n
    1) поко́й; о́тдых; сон;
    а) в состоя́нии поко́я;
    б) неподви́жный;
    в) мёртвый;

    to go ( или to retire) to rest ложи́ться отдыха́ть, спать

    ;

    to take a rest отдыха́ть; спать

    ;

    without rest без о́тдыха, без переды́шки

    ;

    to set smb.'s mind at rest успока́ивать кого́-л.

    ;

    to set a question at rest ула́живать вопро́с

    ;

    day of rest день о́тдыха, выходно́й день

    2) ве́чный поко́й, смерть;

    he has gone to his rest он у́мер

    ;

    to lay to rest хорони́ть

    3) переры́в, па́уза; переды́шка
    4) неподви́жность;

    to bring to rest остана́вливать ( экипаж и т.п.)

    5) опо́ра; подста́вка, подпо́рка; упо́р; сто́йка
    6) муз. па́уза
    7) ме́сто, ба́за о́тдыха (и т.п.)
    8) прос. цезу́ра
    9) тех. су́ппорт
    2. v
    1) отдыха́ть; поко́иться, лежа́ть;

    to rest from one's labours отдыха́ть от трудо́в

    ;

    never let your enemy rest не дава́йте поко́я врагу́

    2) дава́ть о́тдых, поко́й;

    rest your men for an hour да́йте лю́дям передохну́ть часо́к

    3) остава́ться споко́йным, не волнова́ться
    4) держа́ть(ся), осно́вывать(ся), лежа́ть на; опира́ться (on, upon, against);

    the argument rests on rather a weak evidence до́вод дово́льно сла́бо обосно́ван

    5) класть, прислоня́ть;

    to rest one's elbow on the table опира́ться ло́ктем о стол

    6) поко́иться ( о взгляде); остана́вливаться, быть прико́ванным (о внимании, мыслях; on, upon)
    7) остава́ться без измене́ний;

    let the matter rest не бу́дем э́то тро́гать, оста́вим так, как есть

    ;

    the matter cannot rest here де́ло должно́ быть продо́лжено

    8) возлага́ть ( ответственность и т.п. на кого-л.)
    9) с.-х. остава́ться, находи́ться под па́ром
    Ⅱ
    rest [rest]
    1. n
    1) (the rest) оста́ток; остально́е; остальны́е, други́е;

    the rest of us остальны́е

    ;

    the rest ( или all the rest) of it и всё друго́е, остально́е, и про́чее

    ;

    for the rest что до остально́го, что же каса́ется остально́го

    2) фин. резе́рвный фонд
    2. v
    1) остава́ться;

    this rests a mystery э́то остаётся та́йной

    ;

    you may rest assured мо́жете быть уве́рены

    2) быть возло́женным, лежа́ть (об ответственности, вине и т.п.);

    the blame rests with them вина́ лежи́т на них

    ;

    it rests with you to decide за ва́ми пра́во реше́ния

    ;

    the next move rests with you сле́дующий шаг за ва́ми

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > rest

  • 14 rest

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] allow someone to rest
    [Swahili Word] -pumzisha
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] All the workers were allowed some time to rest from his/her work
    [Swahili Example] Wafanyakazi wote walipumzishwa kazi wake
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] bring to rest
    [Swahili Word] -tuliza
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] causative
    [Derived Word] tua V
    [Swahili Example] macho yake kayatuliza njiani [Sul]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] come to rest
    [Swahili Word] -tua
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] place for rest
    [English Plural] places for rest
    [Swahili Word] pumzikio
    [Swahili Plural] mapumzikio
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    [English Example] We waited for the bus at the resting place
    [Swahili Example] Tulisubiri basi, mahali pakupumzika
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] place for rest
    [English Plural] places for rest
    [Swahili Word] pumziko
    [Swahili Plural] mapumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] buraha
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] faraja
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] kiburudisho
    [Swahili Plural] viburudisho
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    [Related Words] baridi, -burudi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] kituo
    [Swahili Plural] vituo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] tua
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] mapumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] pumua
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] mstarehe
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] raha, starehe V
    [English Example] Absolute repose/comfort.
    [Swahili Example] raha mustarehe
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] mustarehe
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] raha, starehe V
    [English Example] Absolute repose/comfort.
    [Swahili Example] raha mustarehe
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] pumuzi
    [Swahili Plural] pumuzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Word] pumua
    [English Example] work the entire day without a rest.
    [Swahili Example] fanya kazi kutwa bila pumzi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] pumzi
    [Swahili Plural] pumzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Word] pumua
    [English Example] work the entire day without a rest.
    [Swahili Example] fanya kazi kutwa bila pumzi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] pumzikio
    [Swahili Plural] mapumzikio
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] pumziko
    [Swahili Plural] mapumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rest
    [Swahili Word] raha
    [Swahili Plural] raha
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [English Plural] rests
    [Swahili Word] starehe
    [Swahili Plural] starehe
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] uburudisho
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] upumuo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] upumzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] usono
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] utulivu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] tulia V
    [Swahili Example] aligutuka kama aliyezinduliwa katika utulivu wake [Sul]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] -burahi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] -jilaza
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] caus-refl
    [Swahili Example] kitoto kizuri [...] kimejilaza kitandani [Muk]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] -jinyosha
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Swahili Definition] kuwa na mapumziko, starehe, raha
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] -pumzika
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] rest after work
    [Swahili Example] pumzika baada ya kazi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest
    [Swahili Word] -tua
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest (period of)
    [Swahili Word] mapumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 6
    [Derived Word] pumzika V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest heavily upon
    [Swahili Word] -elemea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Swahili Example] Rehema alisema, huku akishindana kuuzuia mwili mzito uliokuwa ukimwelemea [Sul]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest on
    [Swahili Word] -chegama
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest on
    [Swahili Word] -egama
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest on
    [Swahili Word] -egemea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] applicative
    [Swahili Example] kijana mwenyewe alikuwa kaegemea mlango [Sul]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest the head on one's hands
    [Swahili Word] -tama
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] hold the head on the hand
    [Swahili Example] shika tama
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rest(ing - place)
    [Swahili Word] kipumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] resting place
    [English Plural] resting places
    [Swahili Word] kigono
    [Swahili Plural] vigono
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Word] gona
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] take a rest
    [Swahili Word] -tegemea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] take a rest
    [Swahili Word] -tua
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] take a rest
    [Swahili Word] -tutuzika
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] time for rest
    [English Plural] times for rest
    [Swahili Word] pumzikio
    [Swahili Plural] mapumzikio
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] time for rest
    [English Plural] times for rest
    [Swahili Word] pumziko
    [Swahili Plural] mapumziko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] pumua V
    [English Example] Rest break (from work)
    [Swahili Example] pumziko la kazi
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > rest

  • 15 rest

    I 1. [rest] noun
    1) (a (usually short) period of not working etc after, or between periods of, effort; (a period of) freedom from worries etc: Digging the garden is hard work - let's stop for a rest; Let's have/take a rest; I need a rest from all these problems - I'm going to take a week's holiday.) descanso
    2) (sleep: He needs a good night's rest.) descanso
    3) (something which holds or supports: a book-rest; a headrest on a car seat.) apoio
    4) (a state of not moving: The machine is at rest.) desligado
    2. verb
    1) (to (allow to) stop working etc in order to get new strength or energy: We've been walking for four hours - let's stop and rest; Stop reading for a minute and rest your eyes; Let's rest our legs.) descansar
    2) (to sleep; to lie or sit quietly in order to get new strength or energy, or because one is tired: Mother is resting at the moment.) descansar
    3) (to (make or allow to) lean, lie, sit, remain etc on or against something: Her head rested on his shoulder; He rested his hand on her arm; Her gaze rested on the jewels.) descansar
    4) (to relax, be calm etc: I will never rest until I know the murderer has been caught.) descansar
    5) (to (allow to) depend on: Our hopes now rest on him, since all else has failed.) depender de
    6) ((with with) (of a duty etc) to belong to: The choice rests with you.) pertencer
    •
    - restfully
    - restfulness
    - restless
    - restlessly
    - restlessness
    - rest-room
    - at rest
    - come to rest
    - lay to rest
    - let the matter rest
    - rest assured
    - set someone's mind at rest     II [rest]
    * * *
    rest1
    [rest] n 1 descanso, repouso, folga, trégua, tranqüilidade, paz, sossego. 2 sono. 3 lugar de repouso, sanatório. 4 abrigo, albergue, pousada, parada. 5 suporte, apoio, pedestal. 6 Mus pausa. 7 Poet morte, túmulo. 8 inércia. the matter rests with you / o caso depende de você. 9 Poet cesura. • vt+vi 1 descansar ( from de), repousar, fazer uma pausa, estar parado, não se mover, ficar quieto. I shall not rest until this matter is settled / não descansarei até este assunto ser resolvido. 2 estar calmo, sossegado ou despreocupado. you can rest assured that we will do all we can / você pode ter a certeza de que faremos tudo que pudermos. 3 dormir. 4 estar morto, jazer. 5 não ser aproveitado, cultivado (terras). 6 ser espalhado. 7 ser apoiado ou apoiar-se (on, against sobre, em), basear-se ( upon sobre), motivar-se (in em). 8 depender (on de), confiar (in em). 9 parar, cessar de mover-se. 10 deixar pendente. 11 dirigir, fixar (os olhos). our eyes rest on the book / nossos olhos estão fixos no livro. 12 Jur interromper voluntariamente a apresentação de provas. a day of rest dia de descanso. the fault rests with you a culpa é sua. to be at rest a) estar dormindo. b) estar parado. c) estar despreocupado, livre de aborrecimentos. d) Euphem estar morto. to give a rest deixar em paz, não amolar. to lay at rest sepultar, enterrar. to lay/ put ( an idea) to rest provar que é falso. to let something rest deixar de lado. to let the matter rest dar o assunto por liquidado. to put/set someone’s mind at rest tranqüilizar, apaziguar. to rest on/ upon a) apoiar-se. b) basear-se. to rest up coll descansar. to set at rest acalmar, aquietar. to take a rest descansar. without rest sem descanso, sem folga.
    ————————
    rest2
    [rest] n 1 resto, restante, sobra, resíduo. 2 saldo, reserva. 3 Ten série longa de trocas de bola. • vt+vi 1 restar, sobrar, sobejar. 2 ficar, permanecer. among the rest entre as outras coisas. and all the rest of it e tudo o mais. and the rest? e quem mais? for the rest demais, além disso. the rest os outros, os demais. you may rest assured that você pode ficar certo de que.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > rest

  • 16 rest

    [rest] I 1. v
    1) відпочива́ти, спочива́ти
    2) дава́ти спо́кій (спочи́нок)
    3) трима́тися, ґрунтува́тися, спира́тися (on, upon)
    5) перебува́ти
    6) лиша́тися без змін
    7) спиня́тися, бу́ти прику́тим (про думки тощо; on, upon)
    8) с.-г. залиша́тися під па́ром
    2. n
    1) спо́кій; відпочи́нок; сон

    at rest — 1) в ста́ні спо́кою 2) нерухо́мий 3) ме́ртвий

    to go [to retire] to rest — ляга́ти спа́ти

    to take a rest — відпочива́ти, спа́ти

    day of rest — день відпочи́нку, вихідни́й день

    2) пере́рва, па́уза; перепочи́нок
    3) ві́чний спо́кій, смерть

    to lay to rest — хова́ти

    4) опо́ра, підпо́ра, підста́вка
    5) нерухо́мість
    6) мі́сце (ба́за) відпочи́нку
    7) муз. па́уза
    8) тех. су́порт
    II 1. n
    1) ( the rest) ре́шта, за́лишок; і́нші

    for the rest — що́до ре́шти

    2) фін. резе́рвний фонд
    2. v
    1) залиша́тися

    this rests a mystery — це залиша́ється таємни́цею

    2) бу́ти покла́деним, лежа́ти (про відповідальність, провину тощо)

    it rests with you to decide — виріша́льне сло́во за ва́ми

    English-Ukrainian transcription dictionary > rest

  • 17 rest

    1. n покой, отдых; сон

    day of rest — день отдыха, выходной день, воскресенье

    without rest — без отдыха, без передышки

    to take a rest — отдыхать; спать

    2. n вечный покой, смерть

    to be at rest with one-s fathers — отойти к праотцам, уснуть вечным сном

    3. n перерыв, пауза, передышка

    rest halt — остановка на отдых, привал

    4. n воен. положение «вольно»

    parade rest — строевая стойка «вольно»

    5. n неподвижность
    6. n место отдыха, клуб

    take rest — отдыхать; отдохнуть

    rest day — день отдыха, воскресенье

    7. n спец. упор, опора
    8. n тех. суппорт; люнет
    9. n муз. пауза
    10. n стих. цезура
    11. v отдыхать; лежать; спать
    12. v лежать, покоиться

    clouds resting on mountain tops — облака, лежащие на вершинах гор

    thigh rest suspension — вис лежа прогнувшись на н.ж. хватом за в.ж.

    13. v отдыхать, не работать

    I need time to rest — мне нужно время, чтобы отдохнуть

    14. v давать отдых, покой

    to rest oneself — дать себе отдых; передохнуть

    they stopped at the wayside cafe to rest themselves — они остановились у придорожного кафе, чтобы немного передохнуть

    15. v быть спокойным, не волноваться

    he could not rest till he got his wish — он не мог успокоиться, пока не добился своего

    you may rest assured — вы можете быть уверены ; вы можете не беспокоиться

    16. v класть; прислонять
    17. v обосновывать
    18. v опираться; покоиться
    19. v возлагать
    20. v быть возложенным; лежать
    21. v оставаться без изменений

    let the matter rest — оставим так, как есть; не будем больше об этом говорить

    the matter cannot rest here — этим дело ещё не кончается; этим нельзя ограничиться

    22. v с. -х. быть под паром, паровать
    23. v с. -х. оставлять под паром

    let rest — оставлять; оставленный

    24. n остаток, остальное

    for the rest — что касается остального, что до остального

    the rest — остаток; остальное

    rest of — остаток; остальные; сальдо

    25. n остальные; другие

    the rest of us — все, остальные

    26. n фин. остаток, остающаяся сумма
    27. n фин. резервный фонд
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. base (noun) base; basement; basis; bed; bedrock; bottom; footing; foundation; ground; groundwork; hardpan; infrastructure; seat; seating; substratum; substruction; substructure; underpinning; understructure
    2. break (noun) break; intermission; recess; respite; time-out
    3. remainder (noun) balance; heel; leavings; leftovers; remainder; remains; remanet; remnant; residual; residue; residuum; surplus
    4. repose (noun) calm; discontinuance; ease; leisure; lull; quietude; relaxation; repose; requiescence; stillness
    5. breathe (verb) breathe; lay off; lie by; spell
    6. doze (verb) doze; sleep; slumber
    7. found (verb) base; bottom; build; establish; found; ground; predicate; root in; seat; stay
    8. lie (verb) consist; dwell; exist; inhere; lie; lie down; recline; repose; reside; retire; stretch out
    9. linger (verb) linger; pause; stop; tarry
    10. relax (verb) drowse; lounge; nod; recuperate; relax; rest up; snooze; stretch; unbend; unlax; unwind
    Антонимический ряд:
    continue; labor; whole; work

    English-Russian base dictionary > rest

  • 18 balance

    ˈbæləns
    1. сущ.
    1) весы (любой конструкции) quick balance Roman balance
    2) равновесие( в прямом и переносном смысле) balance of forces balance of nature balance of terror balance of power keep one's balance lose one's balance be off balance the strategic balance favourable balance unfavourable balance
    3) элк. баланс (соотношение мощностей правого и левого канала в стереозаписи)
    4) то же, что Libra
    5) противовес( в прямом и переносном смысле)
    6) маятник;
    балансир, баланс ( в механизмах)
    7) соотношение сил (необязательно равновесное), характеристика этого соотношения
    8) коммерч. баланс, сальдо bank balance strike a balance credit balance debit balance trade balance trial balance balance in hand balance due balance of payments balance of trade
    9) амер. разг. остаток( по коммерческим операциям) Syn: left-over
    10) балласт( по ошибочной ассоциации с ballast) ∙ - balance weight be in the balance tremble in the balance swing in the balance hang in the balance hold the balance upon a fair balance the beam of a balance balance-yard balance-fish balance-knife balance-man balance-master balance-mistress - balance-sheet balance-seat balance-step the balance of advantage lies with him ≈ на его стороне значительные преимущества to be weighed in the balance and found wanting( Дан., 5-
    27) ≈ не оправдать надежд
    2. гл.
    1) сохранять равновесие, быть в равновесии;
    уравновешивать( что-л.;
    что-л. чем-л.) One thing balances another. ≈ Одно компенсирует другое. balance oneself balance disadvantage by smth. to balance disadvantage with smth.
    2) взвешивать, обдумывать;
    сопоставлять( with, against) to balance а trip to the mountains against the chance of a summer job ≈ решать, что выбрать: поездку в горы или возможность получить работу на лето We must balance the two proposals. ≈ Нам надо взвесить достоинства этих двух предложений. balance income with expenditure
    3) колебаться, медлить He balanced in indecision. ≈ Он медлил в нерешительности.
    4) балансировать, качаться Balanced herself half over the balcony-rail. ≈ Она наполовину перевесилась через перила балкона.
    5) коммерч. подводить баланс the accounts don't balance ≈ счета не сходятся balance one's accounts balance out
    весы - quick /Roman/ * безмен, пружинные весы - assay * пробирные весы чаша весов - to tip the * склонять чашу весов, давать перевес равновесие;
    состояние равновесия - stable * устойчивое равновесие (тж. в спорте) - * of nature природное равновесие - off * неустойчивый, шаткий - to maintain a strict * of forces строго поддерживать равновесие сил - to hold the * even сохранять равновесие - to keep /to hold, to preserve/ one's * удерживать /сохранять/ равновесие - to lose * потерять равновесие - to make out the * уравновешивать, приводить в состояние равновесия - the blow threw him off his * удар сбил его с ног душевное равновесие;
    спокойствие;
    уравновешенность - to be off one's * потерять равновесие /душевный покой/ - to lose one's * выйти из себя, потерять равновесие - she was thrown off her * with anger она была вне себя от негодования - he kept his * even at the most trying moments он не терял самообладания даже в самые трудные минуты пропорциональность;
    гармоническое сочетание - the * of colours гармония красок (специальное) баланс - heat * (физическое) тепловой баланс решающий фактор;
    решающее влияние или значение - to hold the * осуществлять контроль, распоряжаться - the * of advantage lies with him на его стороне значительные преимущества - the * of out fortune rests with him наша судьба в его руках противовес, компенсатор;
    гиря баланс (шест канатоходца) маятник, балансир, баланс (в часовом механизме) (финансовое) баланс;
    сальдо;
    остаток - adverse * пассивный баланс - trade *, * of trade торговый баланс - favourable * активный баланс - sterling *s стерлинговые счета, стерлинговые авуары - * of payments платежный баланс - *s with foreign banks остатки на счетах в заграничных банках, иностранные авуары - * in hand денежная наличность, наличность кассы - * of an account остаток счета - on * после подведения баланса - to strike the * подводить баланс;
    подводить итоги - to bring accounts to a * составлять сводный баланс( разговорное) остаток - he spent the * of his life in travel остаток жизни он провел в странствиях - he gave the * of his dinner to the dog он бросил остатки обеда собаке (B.) (астрономия) Весы (созвездие и знак зодиака) (спортивное) брусья;
    стойка - one hand * стойка на одной руке > upon /on/ (a) * по зрелом размышлении, хорошо взвесив обстоятельства;
    с учетом всего вышесказанного;
    в конечном счете, в итоге - to be in the * быть нерешенным - the future is in the * будущее неясно - to swing /to be, to tremble/ in the * висеть на волоске, быть в критическом положении;
    колебаться, сомневаться - to hang in the * быть брошенным на чашу весов - to weigh in the * взвешивать, обсуждать, оценивать (доводы, достоинства и т. п.) - to be weighed in the * and found wanting не выдержать проверки - to turn the * склонить чашу весов - a moth will turn the * мелочь /случайность/ может изменить все балансировать, сохранять равновесие, быть в равновесии - do these scales *? чаши весов уравновешены? балансировать - the little boy was balancing himself on the edge of a chair мальчик качался /балансировал/ на краю стула приводить в равновесие;
    уравновешивать, уравнивать - to * foreign trade (экономика) сбалансировать внешнююторговлю - the teams were perfectly *d силы команд были совершенно равны удовлетворять потребность( в товаре) (бухгалтерское) подсчитывать, подытоживать;
    сводить, заключать, закрывать( счета, книги) ;
    погашать;
    подбивать баланс - to * an account уравнять /погасить/ счет - to * the books закрыть /забалансировать/ (бухгалтерские) книги - to compute and * one's gain and loss подводить итог приходу и расходу сводиться, балансироваться - the accounts don't * счета не сходятся взвешивать, определять вес (приблизительно) взвешивать, обдумывать;
    сопоставлять - to * probabilities сопоставлять возможности - she *d her answer to the sum with his она сравнила свой и его ответы на задачу медлить, колебаться - a disposition to * and temporize склонность к медлительности и колебаниям - to * in indecision быть в нерешительности (by, with, against) противопоставлять, нейтрализовать, компенсировать - to * a disadvantage by /with/ smth. восполнять ущерб чем-л.;
    нейтрализовать вред - the advantages more than * the disadvantages достоинства вполне покрывают недостатки - her lack of politeness was *d by her readiness to help недостаток вежливости сглаживался у нее готовностью помочь( специальное) добавлять недостающее количество делать балансе (в танце)
    to ~ one's accounts подытоживать счета;
    the accounts don't balance счета не сходятся
    adverse ~ неблагоприятный платежный баланс adverse ~ неблагоприятный торговый баланс adverse ~ пассивный платежный баланс adverse ~ пассивный торговый баланс
    adverse ~ of payments неблагоприятный платежный баланс adverse ~ of payments пассивный платежный баланс
    adverse ~ of trade неблагоприятный торговый баланс adverse ~ of trade пассивный торговый баланс
    adverse cash ~ неблагоприятный баланс наличности adverse cash ~ пассивный баланс кассовой наличности
    balance ком. баланс, сальдо (тж. balance in hand) ;
    balance of payments платежный баланс;
    balance of trade активный баланс (внешней торговли) ;
    to strike a balance подводить баланс;
    перен. подводить итоги ~ баланс, сальдо, остаток ~ баланс ~ балансировать;
    сохранять равновесие, быть в равновесии;
    уравновешивать ~ балансировать ~ (B). Весы (созвездие и знак зодиака) ~ весы;
    quick (или Roman) balance безмен, пружинные весы ~ весы ~ взвешивать, обдумывать;
    сопоставлять (with, against) ~ закрывать счета ~ колебаться (between) ~ компенсировать ~ маятник;
    балансир, баланс (в часовом механизме) ~ медлить, колебаться ~ нейтрализовать ~ разг. остаток ~ остаток ~ погашать ~ ком. подводить баланс ~ подводить итог ~ подсчитывать ~ приводить в равновесие ~ пропорциональность ~ противовес ~ равновесие;
    balance of forces равновесие сил;
    balance of power политическое равновесие '(между государствами) ~ равновесие ~ решающий фактор ~ сальдировать ~ сальдо ~ состояние счета ~ уравнивать ~ уравновешивать
    ~ in our favour остаток в нашу пользу
    the ~ of advantage lies with him на его стороне значительные преимущества
    ~ of an account остаток на счете ~ of an account остаток при расчете ~ of an account сальдо счета
    ~ of cash in hand кассовая наличность ~ of cash in hand остаток по кассе
    ~ of current accounts сальдо текущих счетов
    ~ of current transactions сальдо по текущим сделкам
    ~ равновесие;
    balance of forces равновесие сил;
    balance of power политическое равновесие '(между государствами)
    ~ of freight сальдо фрахта
    ~ of goods and services баланс товаров и услуг
    ~ of order остаток заказа
    balance ком. баланс, сальдо (тж. balance in hand) ;
    balance of payments платежный баланс;
    balance of trade активный баланс (внешней торговли) ;
    to strike a balance подводить баланс;
    перен. подводить итоги ~ of payments платежный баланс
    ~ of payments disequilibrium неравновесие платежного баланса
    ~ of payments equilibrium равновесие платежного баланса
    ~ of payments figure статья платежного баланса
    ~ of payments figures итог платежного баланса
    ~ of payments gap дефицит платежного баланса
    ~ of payments statistics статистические данные платежного баланса
    ~ of payments surplus активное сальдо платежного баланса
    ~ равновесие;
    balance of forces равновесие сил;
    balance of power политическое равновесие '(между государствами) ~ of power равновесие сил ~ of power соотношение сил
    ~ of services баланс услуг
    ~ of the purchase price остаток покупной цены
    balance ком. баланс, сальдо (тж. balance in hand) ;
    balance of payments платежный баланс;
    balance of trade активный баланс (внешней торговли) ;
    to strike a balance подводить баланс;
    перен. подводить итоги ~ of trade торговый баланс
    ~ of trade improvement улучшение торгового баланса
    ~ of trade surplus активное сальдо торгового баланса
    ~ of unclassifiable transactions остаток от неклассифицируемых операций
    ~ on current account остаток на текущем счете
    ~ on giro account остаток на жиросчете
    ~ on investment income сальдо доходов от инвестирования
    ~ on long-term capital account остаток на долгосрочном счете движения капитала
    ~ on short-term capital account остаток на краткосрочном счете движения капитала
    ~ on transfer account остаток на жиросчете
    to ~ one's accounts подытоживать счета;
    the accounts don't balance счета не сходятся
    ~ sheet total итог балансового отчета
    ~ the accounts выводить сальдо счетов ~ the accounts закрывать счета ~ the accounts определять остаток на счетах
    ~ the books закрывать бухгалтерские книги
    ~ to be carried forward сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу
    ~ weight противовес, контргруз
    bank ~ баланс банка bank ~ остаток на банковском счете bank ~ остаток счета в банке bank ~ сальдо банковского счета
    to be (или to tremble, to swing, to hang) in the ~ висеть на волоске, быть в критическом положении
    to be off one's ~ потерять душевное равновесие
    to be weighed in the ~ and found wanting не оправдать надежд
    cash ~ запас наличных денег cash ~ кассовая наличность cash ~ кассовый остаток
    classified trial ~ систематизированный предварительный баланс с группировкой статей по форме финансового отчета
    cleared ~ окончательное сальдо
    commencement ~ баланс на начало периода
    current external ~ текущее состояние внешних расчетов
    debit ~ дебетовое сальдо debit ~ дебетовый баланс debit ~ положительное сальдо
    ending ~ баланс на конец периода
    external ~ состояние внешних расчетов
    favourable trade ~ активный торговый баланс favourable trade ~ благоприятный торговый баланс
    giro ~ жиробаланс
    gross investments ~ баланс валовых капиталовложений
    to hold the ~ распоряжаться
    in ~ на балансе
    initial ~ исходный баланс
    invisibles ~ баланс невидимых статей баланса
    to keep one's ~ сохранять равновесие;
    перен. оставаться спокойным;
    to lose one's balance упасть, потерять равновесие;
    перен. выйти из себя
    to keep one's ~ сохранять равновесие;
    перен. оставаться спокойным;
    to lose one's balance упасть, потерять равновесие;
    перен. выйти из себя
    monthly ~ месячный баланс
    negative cash ~ отрицательный кассовый остаток
    negative net ~ пассивный чистый баланс
    net ~ сальдо net ~ чистый остаток
    net external ~ сальдо по внешним расчетам
    nonoil trade ~ торговый баланс без учета нефти
    old ~ выч. сальдо за предыдущий период
    on ~ на балансе
    passive ~ неблагоприятный платежный баланс passive ~ пассивный платежный баланс passive: ~ фин. беспроцентный;
    passive balance пассивное сальдо;
    passive bonds амер. беспроцентные облигации
    positive ~ активный баланс positive ~ положительное сальдо
    positive cash ~ положительный кассовый остаток
    ~ весы;
    quick (или Roman) balance безмен, пружинные весы
    redress the ~ восстанавливать равновесие redress: ~ исправлять;
    восстанавливать;
    to redress the balance восстанавливать равновесие
    remit a ~ сальдировать счет
    restore the ~ восстанавливать баланс
    Roman ~ безмен
    spring ~ пружинные весы, безмен
    balance ком. баланс, сальдо (тж. balance in hand) ;
    balance of payments платежный баланс;
    balance of trade активный баланс (внешней торговли) ;
    to strike a balance подводить баланс;
    перен. подводить итоги strike a ~ подводить баланс
    surplus ~ активный баланс
    torsion ~ мотор-весы, динамо-весы
    total current ~ итоговое сальдо по контокорренту
    trade ~ торговый баланс trade: ~ attr. торговый;
    trade balance торговый баланс
    trial ~ предварительный баланс trial ~ пробный баланс
    unfavourable trade ~ пассивный торговый баланс
    unrecorded commercial ~ неучтенный торговый баланс
    upon a fair ~ по зрелом размышлении

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > balance

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 balance

    1. [ʹbæləns] n
    1. 1) весы

    quick /Roman/ balance - безмен, пружинные весы

    2) чаша весов

    to tip the balance - склонять чашу весов, давать перевес

    2. 1) равновесие; состояние равновесия

    off balance - неустойчивый, шаткий

    to maintain a strict balance of forces - строго поддерживать равновесие сил

    to keep /to hold, to preserve/ one's balance - удерживать /сохранять/ равновесие [ср. тж. 3]

    to make out the balance - уравновешивать, приводить в состояние равновесия

    2) душевное равновесие; спокойствие; уравновешенность

    to be off one's balance - потерять равновесие /душевный покой/

    to lose one's balance - выйти из себя, потерять равновесие

    she was thrown off her balance with anger - она была вне себя от негодования

    he kept his balance even at the most trying moments - он не терял самообладания даже в самые трудные минуты

    3) пропорциональность; гармоническое сочетание
    4) спец. баланс

    heat [energy, neutron] balance - физ. тепловой [энергетический, нейтронный] баланс

    3. решающий фактор; решающее влияние или значение

    to old the balance - осуществлять контроль, распоряжаться [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    the balance of advantage lies with him - на его стороне значительные преимущества

    4. 1) противовес, компенсатор; гиря
    5. маятник, балансир, баланс ( в часовом механизме)
    6. 1) фин. баланс; сальдо; остаток

    trade balance, balance of trade - торговый баланс

    favourable [unfavourable] balance - активный [пассивный] баланс

    sterling balances - стерлинговые счета, стерлинговые авуары

    balances with foreign banks - остатки на счетах в заграничных банках, иностранные авуары

    balance in hand - денежная наличность, наличность кассы

    on balance - после подведения баланса [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to strike the balance - а) подводить баланс; б) подводить итоги

    2) разг. остаток

    he spent the balance of his life in travel - остаток жизни он провёл в странствиях

    he gave the balance of his dinner to the dog - он бросил остатки обеда собаке

    7. (Balance) астр. Весы ( созвездие и знак зодиака)
    8. спорт.
    1) брусья
    2) стойка

    ♢ upon /on/ (a) balance - а) по зрелом размышлении, хорошо взвесив обстоятельства; с учётом всего вышесказанного; б) в конечном счёте, в итоге; [ср. тж. 6, 1)]

    to swing /to be, to tremble/ in the balance - а) висеть на волоске, быть в критическом положении; б) колебаться, сомневаться

    to weigh in the balance - взвешивать, обсуждать, оценивать (доводы, достоинства и т. п.)

    a moth will turn the balance - мелочь /случайность/ может изменить всё

    2. [ʹbæləns] v
    1. 1) балансировать, сохранять равновесие, быть в равновесии

    do these scales balance? - чаши весов уравновешены?

    2) refl балансировать

    the little boy was balancing himself on the edge of a chair - мальчик качался /балансировал/ на краю стула

    2. 1) приводить в равновесие; уравновешивать, уравнивать

    to balance foreign trade - эк. сбалансировать внешнюю торговлю

    2) удовлетворять потребность ( в товаре)
    3. бухг.
    1) подсчитывать, подытоживать; сводить, заключать, закрывать (счета, книги); погашать; подбивать баланс

    to balance an account - уравнять /погасить/ счёт

    to balance the books - закрыть /забалансировать/ (бухгалтерские) книги

    to compute and balance one's gain and loss - подводить итог приходу и расходу

    2) сводиться, балансироваться
    4. взвешивать, определять вес ( приблизительно)
    5. взвешивать, обдумывать; сопоставлять

    she balanced her answer to the sum with his - она сравнила свой и его ответы на задачу

    6. медлить, колебаться

    a disposition to balance and temporize - склонность к медлительности и колебаниям

    7. (by, with, against)
    1) противопоставлять, нейтрализовать, компенсировать

    balance disadvantage by /with/ smth. - восполнять ущерб чем-л.; нейтрализовать вред

    the advantages more than balance the disadvantages - достоинства вполне покрывают недостатки

    her lack of politeness was balanced by her readiness to help - недостаток вежливости сглаживался у неё готовностью помочь

    2) спец. добавлять недостающее количество
    8. делать балансе ( в танце)

    НБАРС > balance

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